Table 1. Types of energy subsidies
| Government intervention |
Example |
How the subsidy usually works
|
| lowers cost of production |
raises cost of production |
lowers price to consumers |
| Direct financial transfer |
Grants to producers
Grants to consumers
Low-interest or preferential loans to producers
|
x
x
|
|
x
|
| Preferential tax treatment |
Rebates or exemptions on royalties, duties,
producer levies and tariffs
Tax credit
Accelerated depreciation allowances on energy-supply
equipment
|
x
x
x
|
|
x
|
| Trade restrictions |
Quotas, technical restrictions and
trade embargoes |
|
x
|
|
| Energy-related services provided
directly by government at less then full cost |
Direct investment in energy infrastructure
Public research and development
|
x
x
|
|
|
| Regulation of the energy sector |
Demand guarantees and mandated deployment rates
Price controls
Market-access restrictions
|
x
|
x
x
x
|
x
|
Table from Reforming Subsidies, page
10
|
| |
| |
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